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What Is Called When Something Is Frozen Then Brought to Life Again

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For the study of the production of very low temperatures, see Cryogenics. For the depression-temperature preservation of living tissue and organisms in general, see Cryopreservation. For the Hot Cross album, run into Cryonics (album).

Freezing of a human corpse

Technicians gear up a body for cryopreservation in 1985.

Cryonics (from Greek: κρύος kryos meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature freezing (usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) and storage of human remains, with the speculative hope that resurrection may be possible in the hereafter.[ane] [2] Cryonics is regarded with skepticism inside the mainstream scientific community. It is by and large viewed as a pseudoscience,[3] and its practice has been characterized as quackery.[4] [v]

Cryonics procedures tin begin simply after the "patients" are clinically and legally expressionless. Cryonics procedures may begin within minutes of expiry,[6] and use cryoprotectants to forbid ice formation during cryopreservation.[7] It is, however, not possible for a corpse to be reanimated after undergoing vitrification, as this causes damage to the brain including its neural circuits.[viii] The first corpse to be frozen was that of Dr. James Bedford in 1967.[9] As of 2014, virtually 250 dead bodies had been cryopreserved in the United States, and i,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation of their corpses.[10]

Critics argue that economic reality means it is highly improbable that any cryonics corporation could continue in business concern long plenty to accept advantage of the claimed long-term benefits offered.[11] Early on attempts of cryonic preservations were performed in the 1960s and early on 1970s which concluded in failure with all simply 1 of the companies going out of business, and their stored corpses thawed and disposed of.[12]

Conceptual basis

Cryonicists contend that as long as encephalon structure remains intact, at that place is no key barrier, given our current understanding of physical police force, to recovering its information content. Cryonics proponents go further than the mainstream consensus in saying that the encephalon does not take to be continuously active to survive or retain memory. Cryonics controversially states that a human being survives even within an inactive encephalon that has been badly damaged, provided that original encoding of memory and personality can, in theory, be adequately inferred and reconstituted from what construction remains.[ten] [xiii]

Cryonics uses temperatures below −130 °C, chosen cryopreservation, in an attempt to preserve enough encephalon information to permit the future revival of the cryopreserved person. Cryopreservation may be accomplished by freezing, freezing with cryoprotectant to reduce ice impairment, or by vitrification to avert ice damage. Even using the all-time methods, cryopreservation of whole bodies or brains is very damaging and irreversible with current applied science.

Cryonics advocates hold that in the future the employ of some kind of presently-nonexistent nanotechnology may be able to assistance bring the dead back to life and treat the diseases which killed them.[14] Heed uploading has also been proposed.[15]

Cryonics in practice

Cryonics can be expensive. As of 2018[update], the toll of preparing and storing corpses using cryonics ranged from US$28,000 to $200,000.[16]

When used at high concentrations, cryoprotectants can finish ice formation completely. Cooling and solidification without crystal formation is called vitrification.[17] The commencement cryoprotectant solutions able to vitrify at very dull cooling rates while notwithstanding being compatible with whole organ survival were developed in the late 1990s by cryobiologists Gregory Fahy and Brian Wowk for the purpose of banking transplantable organs.[xviii] [19] [xx] This has allowed animal brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. No ice crystal harm was found;[21] cellular impairment was due to dehydration and toxicity of the cryoprotectant solutions.

Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on phone call for decease, vitrification, transportation in dry water ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and futurity revival costs.[22] [23] As of 2011, U.South. cryopreservation costs tin can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance.[22] KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in big dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the process.[24] Some customers opt to have merely their encephalon cryopreserved ("neuropreservation"), rather than their whole body.

As of 2014, almost 250 corpses take been cryogenically preserved in the U.Southward., and around 1,500 people have signed upwardly to have their remains preserved.[x] As of 2016, iv facilities be in the world to retain cryopreserved bodies: three in the U.S. and 1 in Russia.[2] [25]

Considering the lifecycle of corporations, it is extremely unlikely that any cryonics company could continue to exist for sufficient time to take reward even of the supposed benefits offered: historically, even the most robust corporations have only a ane-in-a-thousand run a risk of surviving fifty-fifty i hundred years.[eleven] Many cryonics companies accept failed; as of 2018[update], all but one of the pre-1973 batch had gone out of business, and their stored corpses have been defrosted and disposed of.[12]

Obstacles to success

Preservation harm

Cryopreservation has long been used by medical laboratories to maintain fauna cells, human embryos, and fifty-fifty some organized tissues, for periods as long every bit three decades.[26] Recovering large animals and organs from a frozen country is however non considered possible at the current level of scientific knowledge [27] [xviii] [28] Large vitrified organs tend to develop fractures during cooling,[29] a problem worsened by the big tissue masses and very low temperatures of cryonics.[30] Without cryoprotectants, cell shrinkage and high common salt concentrations during freezing usually forbid frozen cells from operation again afterwards thawing. Ice crystals tin can too disrupt connections betwixt cells that are necessary for organs to function.[31]

In 2016, Robert L. McIntyre and Gregory Fahy at the cryobiology research company 21st Century Medicine, Inc. won the Small Animal Brain Preservation Prize of the Brain Preservation Foundation by demonstrating to the satisfaction of neuroscientist judges that a detail implementation of fixation and vitrification called aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation [32] could preserve a rabbit encephalon in "about perfect" condition at −135 °C, with the cell membranes, synapses, and intracellular structures intact in electron micrographs.[33] [34] Encephalon Preservation Foundation President, Ken Hayworth, said, "This outcome direct answers a main skeptical and scientific criticism against cryonics—that it does not provably preserve the delicate synaptic circuitry of the brain."[35] Nevertheless, the toll paid for perfect preservation, as seen by microscopy, was tying up all poly peptide molecules with chemical crosslinks, completely eliminating biological viability.[34]

Actual cryonics organizations utilize vitrification without a chemic fixation step,[36] sacrificing some structural preservation quality for less harm at the molecular level. Some scientists, similar Joao Pedro Magalhaes, have questioned whether using a deadly chemic for fixation eliminates the possibility of biological revival, making chemical fixation unsuitable for cryonics.[37]

Exterior of cryonics firms and cryonics-linked interest groups, many scientists show strong skepticism toward cryonics methods. Cryobiologist Dayong Gao states that "we simply don't know if (subjects have) been damaged to the point where they've 'died' during vitrification considering the subjects are now inside liquid nitrogen canisters." Biochemist Ken Storey argues (based on experience with organ transplants), that "even if you only wanted to preserve the encephalon, it has dozens of dissimilar areas, which would demand to be cryopreserved using different protocols."[38]

Revival

Revival would require repairing harm from lack of oxygen, cryoprotectant toxicity, thermal stress (fracturing) and freezing in tissues that do not successfully vitrify, finally followed by reversing the cause of death. In many cases, extensive tissue regeneration would be necessary.[39] This revival technology remains speculative and does not currently exist.[ane]

Legal issues

Historically, a person had piddling control regarding how their body was treated later on death as religion held jurisdiction over the ultimate fate of their trunk.[40] However, secular courts began to exercise jurisdiction over the body and use discretion in carrying out of the wishes of the deceased person.[40] Most countries legally treat preserved individuals as deceased persons because of laws that forbid vitrifying someone who is medically live.[41] In France, cryonics is non considered a legal mode of body disposal;[42] but burial, cremation, and formal donation to scientific discipline are allowed. Even so, bodies may legally be shipped to other countries for cryonic freezing.[43] As of 2015, the Canadian province of British Columbia prohibits the sale of arrangements for body preservation based on cryonics.[44] In Russia, cryonics falls outside both the medical industry and the funeral services manufacture, making it easier in Russia than in the U.South. to get hospitals and morgues to release cryonics candidates.[24]

In London in 2016, the English High Court ruled in favor of a female parent'southward right to seek cryopreservation of her terminally ill fourteen-twelvemonth-sometime daughter, as the girl wanted, contrary to the begetter's wishes. The conclusion was fabricated on the basis that the instance represented a conventional dispute over the disposal of the girl's torso, although the judge urged ministers to seek "proper regulation" for the future of cryonic preservation following concerns raised by the hospital almost the competence and professionalism of the team that conducted the preservation procedures.[45] In Alcor Life Extension Foundation v. Richardson, the Iowa Court of Appeals ordered for the disinterment of Richardson, who was buried against his wishes for cryopreservation.[forty] [46]

A detailed legal examination past Jochen Taupitz concludes that cryonic storage is legal in Frg for an indefinite menstruum of fourth dimension.[47]

Ethics

In 2009, writing in Bioethics, David Shaw examines the ethical status of cryonics. The arguments confronting it include irresolute the concept of decease, the expense of preservation and revival, lack of scientific advocacy to permit revival, temptation to employ premature euthanasia, and failure due to catastrophe. Arguments in favor of cryonics include the potential benefit to guild, the prospect of immortality, and the benefits associated with avoiding death. Shaw explores the expense and the potential payoff, and applies an adjusted version of Pascal's Wager to the question.[48]

In 2016, Charles Tandy wrote in favor of cryonics, arguing that honoring someone's last wishes is seen as a benevolent duty in American and many other cultures.[49]

History

Cryopreservation was applied to human cells beginning in 1954 with frozen sperm, which was thawed and used to inseminate three women.[fifty] The freezing of humans was get-go scientifically proposed by Michigan professor Robert Ettinger when he wrote The Prospect of Immortality (1962).[51] In April 1966, the first human being body was frozen—though it had been embalmed for two months—past being placed in liquid nitrogen and stored at only above freezing. The heart-anile adult female from Los Angeles, whose name is unknown, was shortly thawed out and buried by relatives.[52]

The get-go trunk to be cryopreserved and so frozen with the hope of future revival was that of James Bedford, claimed past Alcor's Mike Darwin to have occurred within around ii hours of his death from cardiorespiratory abort (secondary to metastasized kidney cancer) on January 12, 1967.[53] Bedford'due south corpse is the just one frozen earlier 1974 however preserved today.[52] In 1976, Ettinger founded the Cryonics Institute; his corpse was cryopreserved in 2011.[51] Robert Nelson, "a erstwhile TV repairman with no scientific groundwork" who led the Cryonics Social club of California, was sued in 1981 for allowing ix bodies to thaw and decompose in the 1970s; in his defense, he claimed that the Cryonics Society had run out of money.[52] This led to the lowered reputation of cryonics in the U.S.[24]

In 2018, a Y-Combinator startup called Nectome was recognized for developing a method of preserving brains with chemicals rather than by freezing. The method is fatal, performed as euthanasia under general anethesia, but the promise is that time to come technology would allow the brain to be physically scanned into a computer simulation, neuron by neuron.[54]

Demographics

Co-ordinate to The New York Times, cryonicists are predominantly non-religious white males, outnumbering women by about 3 to one.[55] According to The Guardian, as of 2008, while most cryonicists used to be immature, male, and "geeky", recent demographics have shifted slightly towards whole families.[41]

In 2015, Du Hong, a 61-yr-old female writer of children's literature, became the get-go known Chinese national to have their caput cryopreserved.[56]

Reception

Cryonics is mostly regarded equally a fringe pseudoscience.[3] The Society for Cryobiology rejected members who proficient cryonics,[three] and issued a public statement saying that cryonics is "not science", and that it is a "personal choice" how people desire to have their expressionless bodies tending of.[57]

Russian company KrioRus is the first not-United states vendor of cryonics services. Yevgeny Alexandrov, chair of the Russian Academy of Sciences committee against pseudoscience, said there was "no scientific basis" for cryonics, and that the company'southward offering was based on "unfounded speculation".[58]

Scientists take expressed skepticism most cryonics in media sources,[24] and the Norwegian philosopher Ole Martin Moen has written that the topic receives a "minuscule" amount of attention from academia.[10]

While some neuroscientists contend that all the subtleties of a homo mind are contained in its anatomical structure,[59] few neuroscientists will comment direct upon the topic of cryonics due to its speculative nature. Individuals who intend to be frozen are often "looked at every bit a bunch of kooks".[60] Cryobiologist Kenneth B. Storey said in 2004 that cryonics is impossible and will never be possible, as cryonics proponents are proposing to "over-turn the laws of physics, chemistry, and molecular scientific discipline".[61] Neurobiologist Michael Hendricks has said that "Reanimation or simulation is an abjectly false hope that is beyond the promise of technology and is certainly incommunicable with the frozen, dead tissue offered by the 'cryonics' industry".[24]

William T. Jarvis has written that "Cryonics might exist a suitable subject field for scientific enquiry, merely marketing an unproven method to the public is quackery".[4] [5]

According to cryonicist Aschwin de Wolf and others, cryonics can oftentimes produce intense hostility from spouses who are not cryonicists. James Hughes, the executive director of the pro-life-extension Institute for Ideals and Emerging Technologies, chooses not to personally sign up for cryonics, calling information technology a worthy experiment just stating laconically that "I value my human relationship with my wife."[55]

Cryobiologist Dayong Gao states that "People can always accept hope that things will change in the future, simply there is no scientific foundation supporting cryonics at this time."[38] While it is universally agreed that "personal identity" is uninterrupted when encephalon activity temporarily ceases during incidents of accidental drowning (where people have been restored to normal functioning after being completely submerged in cold water for up to 66 minutes), one argument against cryonics is that a centuries-long absence from life might interrupt the conception of personal identity, such that the revived person would "not be themself".[x]

Maastricht University bioethicist David Shaw raises the argument that at that place would be no indicate in existence revived in the far future if one's friends and families are dead, leaving them all lone; he notes, however, that family unit and friends tin as well be frozen, that there is "nil to prevent the thawed-out freezee from making new friends", and that a lone existence may be preferable to no existence at all for the revived.[48] The technology required to revive any corpse preserved in such a fashion does not currently exist, so any such conjecture remains speculative.[1]

In fiction

Suspended animation is a pop field of study in science fiction and fantasy settings. It is often the ways by which a character is transported into the future.

A survey in Germany found that about one-half of the respondents were familiar with cryonics, and almost half of those familiar with cryonics had learned of the bailiwick from films or television.[62]

In popular culture

The town of Nederland, Colorado, hosts an almanac Frozen Dead Guy Days festival to commemorate a substandard endeavor at cryopreservation.[63]

Notable people

Corpses subjected to the cryonics process include those of baseball players Ted Williams and son John Henry Williams (in 2002 and 2004, respectively),[64] engineer and doctor L. Stephen Coles (in 2014),[65] economist and entrepreneur Phil Salin, and software engineer Hal Finney (in 2014).[66]

People known to have arranged for cryonics upon expiry include PayPal founders Luke Nosek[67] and Peter Thiel,[68] Oxford transhumanists Nick Bostrom and Anders Sandberg, and transhumanist philosopher David Pearce.[69] Larry King previously arranged for cryonics, only according to Inside Edition, later changed his mind.[70] [71]

Disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein wanted to have his caput and penis frozen after death then that he could "seed the human being race with his DNA."[72] [73]

The corpses of some are mistakenly believed to take undergone cryonics – for instance, the urban fable suggesting Walt Disney's corpse was cryopreserved is imitation; information technology was cremated and interred at Wood Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.[74] [a] Robert A. Heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept in The Door into Summertime (serialized in 1956), was cremated and had his ashes distributed over the Pacific Ocean. Timothy Leary was a long-fourth dimension cryonics advocate and signed up with a major cryonics provider, but he inverse his mind shortly before his death and was not cryopreserved.[76]

Meet likewise

  • Brain in a vat
  • Cryptobiosis
  • Extropianism
  • Hibernation
  • Life extension
  • Supercooling

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Robert Nelson told the Los Angeles Times that he thought Walt Disney wanted to exist cryopreserved as Walt Disney Studios had called him to ask detailed questions nearly his arrangement, the Cryonics Society of California. However, Nelson clarified that "They had him cremated. I personally have seen his ashes."[75]

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Further reading

  • "Mistakes Were Made". This American Life. Episode 354. 18 April 2008. The Public Radio Exchange (PRX). WBEZ Chicago. Transcript.

External links

  • Cryonics at Curlie

pughhicakenight.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics#:~:text=Cryonics%20uses%20temperatures%20below%20%E2%88%92130,vitrification%20to%20avoid%20ice%20damage.

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